Abstract
The European Resuscitation Council (ERC) has produced these Systems Saving Lives guidelines,
which are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Science with Treatment Recommendations. The topics covered include chain of survival,
measuring performance of resuscitation, social media and smartphones apps for engaging
community, European Restart a Heart Day, World Restart a Heart, KIDS SAVE LIVES campaign,
lower-resource setting, European Resuscitation Academy and Global Resuscitation Alliance,
early warning scores, rapid response systems, and medical emergency team, cardiac
arrest centres and role of dispatcher.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to ResuscitationAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Clinical outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in low-resource settings - A scoping review.Resuscitation. 2020; 156: 137-145
- European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021–Executive summary.Resuscitation. 2021; : 161
- Resuscitation in cardiac arrest.Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med. 1968; 74: 279-287
- Chain of survival concept takes hold.J Emerg Med Serv. 1989; 14: 11-13
- Improving survival from sudden cardiac arrest: the "chain of survival" concept. A statement for health professionals from the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Subcommittee and the Emergency Cardiac Care Committee, American Heart Association.Circulation. 1991; 83: 1832-1847
- The chain of survival.Resuscitation. 2006; 71: 270-271
- european resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: Section 2. Adult basic life support and automated external defibrillation.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 81-99
- The prevalence and significance of abnormal vital signs prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2016; 98: 112-117
- Differences in vital signs between elderly and nonelderly patients prior to ward cardiac arrest.Crit Care Med. 2015; 43: 816-822
- Bystander initiated actions in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: results from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARRESUST).Resuscitation. 2001; 50: 273-279
- Do early emergency calls before patient collapse improve survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests?.Resuscitation. 2015; 88: 20-27
- Adult basic life support: 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Circulation. 2020; 142: S41-S91
- European resuscitation council guidelines for basic life support.Resuscitation. 2021;
- Estimating effectiveness of cardiac arrest interventions: a logistic regression survival model.Circulation. 1997; 96: 3308-3313
- Survival after cardiac arrest outside hospital in Sweden. Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry.Resuscitation. 1998; 36: 29-36
- Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden.Eur Heart J. 2001; 22: 511-519
- Association of national initiatives to improve cardiac arrest management with rates of bystander intervention and patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.JAMA. 2013; 310: 1377-1384
- Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 2307-2315
- Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of non-cardiac origin.Resuscitation. 2019; 140: 98-105
- Bystander efforts and 1-year outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.N Engl J Med. 2017; 376: 1737-1747
- Association of public health initiatives with outcomes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest at home and in public locations.JAMA Cardiol. 2017; 2: 1226-1235
- Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and long-term outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to location of arrest.Eur Heart J. 2019; 40: 309-318
- 2019 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Resuscitation. 2019; 145: 95-150
- Effects of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival outcomes in infants, children, and adolescents with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.Resuscitation. 2016; 108: 20-26
- Telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation is independently associated with improved survival and improved functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2018; 122: 135-140
- Effect of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation program and location of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on survival and neurologic outcome.Ann Emerg Med. 2017; 69 (52-61 e1)
- Effects of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological recovery in paediatric patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest based on the pre-hospital emergency medical service response time interval.Resuscitation. 2018; 130: 49-56
- Recognising out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during emergency calls increases bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival.Resuscitation. 2017; 115: 141-147
- Evaluating dispatch-assisted CPR using the CARES registry.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018; 22: 222-228
- Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival in cardiac arrest.Circulation. 2001; 104: 2513-2516
- Association of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation with survival outcomes after pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by community property value.Resuscitation. 2018; 132: 120-126
- The effect of telephone advice on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the rate of bystander CPR in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in a typical urban area.Hong Kong J Emerg Med. 2016; 23: 220-226
- Public-access defibrillation and neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: a population-based cohort study.Lancet. 2019; 394: 2255-2262
- Impact of bystander automated external defibrillator use on survival and functional outcomes in shockable observed public cardiac arrests.Circulation. 2018; 137: 2104-2113
- Impact of onsite or dispatched automated external defibrillator use on survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Circulation. 2011; 124: 2225-2232
- Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos.N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1206-1209
- Mobile-phone dispatch of laypersons for CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.N Engl J Med. 2015; 372: 2316-2325
- Public-access defibrillation and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan.N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 1649-1659
- The relationship between time to arrival of emergency medical services (EMS) and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2010; 81: 622-625
- Predicting survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a graphic model.Ann Emerg Med. 1993; 22: 1652-1658
- Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.N Engl J Med. 2004; 351: 647-656
- Advanced vs. basic life support in the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest in the resuscitation outcomes consortium.Resuscitation. 2018; 128: 132-137
- European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: Section 3. Adult advanced life support.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 100-147
- European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines for Post-resuscitation Care 2015: Section 5 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: 202-222
- The chain of survival: not all links are equal.Resuscitation. 2018; 126: 80-82
- The formula for survival in resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2013; 84: 1487-1493
- Education in resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2003; 59: 11-43
- KIDS SAVE LIVES implementation in Europe: a survey through the ERC Research NET.Resuscitation. 2016; 107: e7-9
- KIDS SAVE LIVES-Three years of implementation in Europe.Resuscitation. 2018; 131: e9-e11
- Education, implementation, and teams 2020 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Resuscitation. 2020;
- Duration of hospital participation in get with the guidelines-resuscitation and survival of in-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2012; 83: 1349-1357
- Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing.Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 1063-1069
- Trends in care processes and survival following prehospital resuscitation improvement initiatives for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in British Columbia, 2006-2016.Resuscitation. 2018; 125: 118-125
- Effect of real-time feedback during cardiopulmonary resuscitation outside hospital: prospective, cluster-randomised trial.BMJ. 2011; 342: d512
- Improvements in the quality of advanced life support and patient outcome after implementation of a standardized real-life post-resuscitation feedback system.Resuscitation. 2017; 120: 38-44
- Improved cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance with CODE ACES(2): a resuscitation quality bundle.J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7e009860
- A system-wide approach from the community to the hospital for improving neurologic outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.Eur J Emerg Med. 2017; 24: 87-95
- Improving code team performance and survival outcomes: implementation of pediatric resuscitation team training.Crit Care Med. 2014; 42: 243-251
- Resuscitation feedback and targeted education improves quality of pre-hospital resuscitation in Scotland.Resuscitation. 2012; 83: 70-75
- Code blue pit crew model: A novel approach to in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2019; 143: 158-164
- Does an individualized feedback mechanism improve quality of out-of-hospital CPR?.Resuscitation. 2017; 113: 96-100
- Interdisciplinary ICU cardiac arrest debriefing improves survival outcomes*.Crit Care Med. 2014; 42: 1688-1695
- Association between hospital process composite performance and patient outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest care.JAMA Cardiol. 2016; 1: 37-45
- A performance improvement-based resuscitation programme reduces arrest incidence and increases survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2015; 92: 63-69
- Large urban center improves out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival.Resuscitation. 2019; 139: 234-240
- Alternative approach to improving survival of patients with out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013; 61: 113-118
- Effect of national implementation of utstein recommendation from the global resuscitation alliance on ten steps to improve outcomes from Out-of-Hospital cardiac arrest: a ten-year observational study in Korea.BMJ Open. 2017; 7e016925
- Using a cardiac arrest registry to measure the quality of emergency medical service care: decade of findings from the Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry.Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015; 8: 56-66
- Implementation of a bundle of Utstein cardiopulmonary resuscitation programs to improve survival outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a metropolis: A before and after study.Resuscitation. 2018; 130: 124-132
- Comparison of team-focused CPR vs standard CPR in resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: results from a statewide quality improvement initiative.Resuscitation. 2016; 105: 165-172
- Association between hospital post-resuscitative performance and clinical outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2015; 92: 45-52
- Continuous quality improvement efforts increase survival with favorable neurologic outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017; 21: 1-6
- Implementation of pit crew approach and cardiopulmonary resuscitation metrics for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest improves patient survival and neurological outcome.J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5e002892
- Text message alert system and resuscitation outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a before-and-after population-based study.Resuscitation. 2019; 138: 198-207
- Lay persons alerted by mobile application system initiate earlier cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a comparison with SMS-based system notification.Resuscitation. 2017; 114: 73-78
- A text message alert system for trained volunteers improves out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival.Resuscitation. 2016; 105: 182-187
- Mobile phone-based alerting of CPR-trained volunteers simultaneously with the ambulance can reduce the resuscitation-free interval and improve outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a German, population-based cohort study.Resuscitation. 2020; 147: 57-64
- A smartphone application for dispatch of lay responders to out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.Resuscitation. 2018; 126: 160-165
- Local lay rescuers with AEDs, alerted by text messages, contribute to early defibrillation in a Dutch out-of-hospital cardiac arrest dispatch system.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 1444-1449
- Improving emergency call detection of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the Greater Paris area: efficiency of a global system with a new method of detection.Resuscitation. 2020; 146: 34-42
- Global positioning system alerted volunteer first responders arrive before emergency medical services in more than four out of five emergency calls.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 170-176
- AED and text message responders density in residential areas for rapid response in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2020; 150: 170-177
- Enhancing citizens response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review of mobile-phone systems to alert citizens as first responders.Resuscitation. 2020; 152: 16-25
- Smartphone activation of citizen responders to facilitate defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 43-53
- Determinants of occurrence and survival after sudden cardiac arrest-A European perspective: The ESCAPE-NET project.Resuscitation. 2018; 124: 7-13
- First-response treatment after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a survey of current practices across 29 countries in Europe.Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2019; 27: 112
- Mobile phone systems to alert citizens as first responders and to locate automated external defibrillators: a European survey.Resuscitation. 2020; 151: 39-42
- Smartphone-based dispatch of community first responders to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - statements from an international consensus conference.Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2021;
- Regional variation in the characteristics, incidence and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Australia and New Zealand: results from the Aus-ROC Epistry.Resuscitation. 2018; 126: 49-57
- Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - results of the EuReCa TWO study.Resuscitation. 2020; 148: 218-226
- Children can save lives.Resuscitation. 2013; 84: 399-400
- European restart a heart day.Emergency Med. 2014; 31: 696-697
- "All citizens of the world can save a life" - The World Restart a Heart (WRAH) initiative starts in 2018.Resuscitation. 2018; 128: 188-190
- World Restart a Heart initiative: all citizens of the world can save a life.Lancet. 2018; 392: 1305
- Up to 206 million people reached and over 5.4 million trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide: The 2019 International Liaison Committee on resuscitation world restart a heart initiative.J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9e017230
- Over 675,000 lay people trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide - The "World Restart a Heart (WRAH)" initiative 2018.Resuscitation. 2019; 138: 15-17
- Importance and implementation of training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillation in schools: a science advisory from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2011; 123: 691-706
- Mandatory cardiopulmonary resuscitation competencies for undergraduate healthcare students in Europe: a European Resuscitation Council guidance note.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2020; 37: 839-841
- KIDS SAVE LIVES: school children education in resuscitation for Europe and the world.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017; 34: 792-796
- Kids save lives -: training school children in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide is now endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO).Resuscitation. 2015; 94: A5-7
- Training children in cardiopulmonary resuscitation worldwide.Lancet. 2015; 385: 2353
- Can we train the chain of survival while playing? Validation of the tool <<Rescube>>.An Pediatr (Barc). 2020;
- KIDS SAVE LIVES: ERC position statement on schoolteachers’ education and qualification in resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2020; 151: 87-90
- Kids (learn how to) save lives in the school with the serious game relive.Resuscitation. 2017; 116: 27-32
- Kids Save Lives - ERC position statement on school children education in CPR.: "Hands that help - Training children is training for life".Resuscitation. 2016; 105: A1-3
- Evidence-based educational pathway for the integration of first aid training in school curricula.Resuscitation. 2015; 94: 8-22
- KIDS SAVE LIVES BRAZIL: A successful pilot program to implement CPR at primary and high schools in Brazil resulting in a state law for a training CPR week.Resuscitation. 2019; 140: 81-83
- ’Kids save lives’ in Hungary-Implementation, opportunities, programmes, opinions, barriers.Resuscitation. 2018; 130: e3-e4
- Kids Save Lives" campaign in Italy: a picture from a nationwide survey on the web.Resuscitation. 2017; 111: e5-e6
- A first step to teaching basic life support in schools: training the teachers.An Pediatr (Barc). 2018; 89: 265-271
- Minnesota Heart Safe Communities: are community-based initiatives increasing pre-ambulance CPR and AED use?.Resuscitation. 2017; 119: 33-36
- Community-wide dissemination of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use using a 45-minute chest compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation training.J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8e009436
- Association of bystander and first-responder intervention with survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in North Carolina, 2010-2013.JAMA. 2015; 314: 255-264
- Does non-targeted community CPR training increase bystander CPR frequency?.Prehospital Emergency Care. 2018; : 1-9
- Effectiveness of a community based out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) interventional bundle: results of a pilot study.Resuscitation. 2020; 146: 220-228
- The impact of television public service announcements on the rate of bystander CPR.Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999; 3: 353-356
- CPR instruction by videotape: results of a community project.Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 25: 198-202
- TAKE10: a community approach to teaching compression-only CPR to high-risk zip codes.Resuscitation. 2016; 102: 75-79
- Association between county-level cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and changes in Survival Outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest over 5 years: a multilevel analysis.Resuscitation. 2019; 139: 291-298
- Public awareness and self-efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in communities and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multi-level analysis.Resuscitation. 2016; 102: 17-24
- Persisting effect of community approaches to resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 1450-1454
- Pay it forward: high school video-based instruction can disseminate CPR knowledge in priority neighborhoods.West J Emerg Med. 2018; 19: 423-429
- Disseminating cardiopulmonary resuscitation training by distributing 35,000 personal manikins among school children.Circulation. 2007; 116: 1380-1385
- Sudden cardiac arrest survival in HEARTSafe communities.Resuscitation. 2020; 146: 13-18
- Engaging a whole community in resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2012; 83: 1067-1071
- Application of the "Plan-Do-Study-Act" model to improve survival after cardiac arrest in Korea: a case study.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020; 35: 46-54
- Part 8: education, implementation, and teams: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: e203-e224
- On ethical locations: the good death in Thailand, where ethics sit in places.Soc Sci Med. 2012; 75: 836-844
- Global incidences of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival rates: systematic review of 67 prospective studies.Resuscitation. 2010; 81: 1479-1487
- Guidelines for trauma quality improvement: world Health Organization.2009
Resuscitation Academy. (Accessed 11th October 2020, 2020, at https://www.resuscitationacademy.org.).
- Accuracy of determining cardiac arrest by emergency medical dispatchers.Ann Emerg Med. 1994; 23: 1022-1026
- Do health care professionals report sudden cardiac arrest better than laymen?.Resuscitation. 2001; 51: 265-268
- The accuracy of predicting cardiac arrest by emergency medical services dispatchers: the calling party effect.Acad Emerg Med. 2003; 10: 955-960
- Factors impeding dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Ann Emerg Med. 2003; 42: 731-737
- Emergency call processing and survival from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.Resuscitation. 2005; 67: 89-93
- Sensitivity and specificity of the medical priority dispatch system in detecting cardiac arrest emergency calls in Melbourne.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2006; 21: 72-76
- Effect of protocol compliance to cardiac arrest identification by emergency medical dispatchers.Resuscitation. 2006; 70: 463-469
- Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system.Eur J Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 256-259
- Evaluation of emergency medical dispatch in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Taipei.Resuscitation. 2007; 73: 236-245
- Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions.Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 877-883
- The obstacles to maximising the impact of public access defibrillation: an assessment of the dispatch mechanism for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Heart. 2008; 94: 349-353
- Importance of the first link: description and recognition of an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an emergency call.Circulation. 2009; 119: 2096-2102
- Tuition of emergency medical dispatchers in the recognition of agonal respiration increases the use of telephone assisted CPR.Resuscitation. 2009; 80: 1025-1028
- Dispatcher assessments for agonal breathing improve detection of cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2009; 80: 769-772
- Introducing systematic dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (telephone-CPR) in a non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS): implementation process and costs.Resuscitation. 2010; 81: 848-852
- Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: time to identify cardiac arrest and deliver chest compression instructions.Circulation. 2013; 128: 1522-1530
- Comparison of Medical Priority Dispatch (MPD) and Criteria Based Dispatch (CBD) relating to cardiac arrest calls.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 612-616
- Implementation of the ALERT algorithm, a new dispatcher-assisted telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol, in non-Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) Emergency Medical Services centres.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 177-181
- Survey of a protocol to increase appropriate implementation of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Circulation. 2014; 129: 1751-1760
- Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest phone detection: those who most need chest compressions are the most difficult to recognize.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 1720-1725
- Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocol improves diagnosis and resuscitation recommendations for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.EMA - Emergency Med Australas. 2015; 27: 590-596
- Time to identify cardiac arrest and provide dispatch-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation in a criteria-based dispatch system.Resuscitation. 2015; 97: 27-33
- Abnormal breathing of sudden cardiac arrest victims described by laypersons and its association with emergency medical service dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instruction.Emergency Med. 2015; 32: 314-317
- Challenges in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - A study combining closed-circuit television (CCTV) and medical emergency calls.Resuscitation. 2015; 96: 317-322
- Increasing bystander CPR: potential of a one question telecommunicator identification algorithm.Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2015; 23: 39
- Cardiac arrest diagnostic accuracy of 9-1-1 dispatchers: a prospective multi-center study.Resuscitation. 2015; 90: 116-120
- Barriers to telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation in public and residential locations.Resuscitation. 2016; 109: 116-120
- Factors impacting upon timely and adequate allocation of prehospital medical assistance and resources to cardiac arrest patients.Resuscitation. 2016; 109: 56-63
- Barriers to dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Singapore.Resuscitation. 2016; 105: 149-155
- Recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest by medical dispatchers in emergency medical dispatch centres in two countries.Resuscitation. 2016; 109: 1-8
- Effect of introduction of a standardized protocol in dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Resuscitation. 2016; 106: 18-23
- Ambulance telephone triage using’ NHS Pathways’ to identify adult cardiac arrest.Heart. 2017; 103: 738-744
- Performance review of regional emergency medical service pre-arrival cardiopulmonary resuscitation with or without dispatcher instruction: a population-based observational study.Acute Med Surg. 2017; 4: 293-299
- Targeted simulation and education to improve cardiac arrest recognition and telephone assisted CPR in an emergency medical communication centre.Resuscitation. 2017; 114: 21-26
- Validation of a dispatch protocol with continuous quality control for cardiac arrest: a before-and-after study at a city fire department-based dispatch center.J Emerg Med. 2017; 53: 697-707
- Disparities in telephone CPR access and timing during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2017; 115: 11-16
- Recognition of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during emergency calls and public awareness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in communities: a multilevel analysis.Resuscitation. 2018; 128: 106-111
- Witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest- effects of emergency dispatch recognition.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2018; 62: 558-567
- Machine learning as a supportive tool to recognize cardiac arrest in emergency calls.Resuscitation. 2019; 138: 322-329
- Impact of the caller’s emotional state and cooperation on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest recognition and dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Emergency Med. 2019; 36: 595-600
- Accuracy of nature of call screening tool in identifying patients requiring treatment for out of hospital cardiac arrest.Emergency Med. 2019; 36: 203-207
- The role of pre-hospital telecardiology in reducing the coronary reperfusion time; a brief report.Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2019; 7: e15
- Dispatcher-assisted telephone CPR: common delays and time standards for delivery.Ann Emerg Med. 1991; 20: 362-366
- Dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a metropolitan city: A before-after population-based study.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 34-41
- A before-after interventional trial of dispatcher-assisted cardio-pulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Singapore.Resuscitation. 2016; 102: 85-93
- Evaluation of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Eur J Emerg Med. 1999; 6: 175-183
- Impact of telephone dispatcher assistance on the outcomes of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Crit Care Med. 2012; 40: 1410-1416
- Chest-compression-only bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the 30:2 compression-to-ventilation ratio era. Nationwide observational study.Circ J. 2013; 77: 2742-2750
- Impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on neurological outcomes in children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a prospective, nationwide, population-based cohort study.J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3e000499
- Emergency dispatch process and patient outcome in bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with a shockable rhythm.Eur J Emerg Med. 2015; 22: 266-272
- Does dispatcher-assisted CPR generate the same outcomes as spontaneously delivered bystander CPR in Japan?.Am J Emerg Med. 2018; 36: 384-391
- 2017 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations summary.Resuscitation. 2017; 121: 201-214
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation.N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 1546-1553
- CPR with chest compresssions alone or with rescue breathing.N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 423-433
- Compression-only CPR or standard CPR in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.N Engl J Med. 2010; 363: 434-442
- Rapid response systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Crit Care. 2015; 19: 254
- Rapid-response systems as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.Ann Intern Med. 2013; 158: 417-425
- Effect of a 2-tier rapid response system on patient outcome and staff satisfaction.Aust Crit Care. 2015; 28 (quiz 15): 107-114
- Impact of an intensivist-led multidisciplinary extended rapid response team on hospital-wide cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality.Crit Care Med. 2013; 41: 506-517
- The impact of implementation of an ICU consult service on hospital-wide outcomes and ICU-specific outcomes.J Intensive Care Med. 2016; 31: 478-484
- Rapid response teams decreasing intubation and code blue rates outside the intensive care unit.Crit Care Nurse. 2016; 36: 86-90
- Medical emergency teams at The Ottawa Hospital: the first two years.Can J Anaesth. 2008; 55: 223-231
- Reduction in hospital-wide mortality after implementation of a rapid response team: a long-term cohort study.Crit Care. 2011; 15: R269
- A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team.Med J Aust. 2003; 179: 283-287
- Using an advanced practice nursing model for a rapid response team.Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008; 34: 743-747
- Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team.Med J Aust. 2000; 173: 236-240
- Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study.BMJ. 2002; 324: 387-390
- Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team.JAMA. 2008; 300: 2506-2513
- Missed opportunities in use of medical emergency teams prior to in-hospital cardiac arrest.Am Heart J. 2016; 177: 87-95
- The impact of implementing a rapid response system: a comparison of cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality among four teaching hospitals in Australia.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 1275-1281
- Impact of a standardized rapid response system on outcomes in a large healthcare jurisdiction.Resuscitation. 2016; 107: 47-56
- The effect of a rapid response team on major clinical outcome measures in a community hospital.Crit Care Med. 2007; 35: 2076-2082
- Use of medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests.Qual Saf Health Care. 2004; 13: 251-254
- Intensive care without walls - introduction of a Medical Emergency Team system in a Swiss tertiary care centre.Swiss Med Weekly. 2014; 144w14027
- A reduction in cardiac arrests and duration of clinical instability after implementation of a paediatric rapid response system.Postgrad Med J. 2010; 86: 314-318
- Impact of critical care outreach on hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a cohort study.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2011; 46: 1138-1144
- Long term trends in medical emergency team activations and outcomes.Resuscitation. 2014; 85: 1083-1087
- Sustained effectiveness of a primary-team-based rapid response system.Crit Care Med. 2012; 40: 2562-2568
- Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital.Crit Care. 2005; 9: R808-15
- Introduction of medical emergency teams in Australia and New Zealand: a multi-centre study.Crit Care. 2008; 12: R46
- Bedside electronic capture of clinical observations and automated clinical alerts to improve compliance with an Early Warning Score protocol.Crit Care Resusc. 2011; 13: 83-88
- The effect of Rapid Response System revision on standard and specific intensive care unit outcomes in a regional hospital.Anaesth Intensive Care. 2017; 45: 369-374
- Rapid response team and hospital mortality in hospitalized patients.Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42: 494-504
- Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation.Resuscitation. 2004; 61: 257-263
- Effectiveness analysis of a part-time rapid response system during operation versus nonoperation.Crit Care Med. 2017; 45: e592-e599
- Mortality and length of stay trends following implementation of a rapid response system and real-time automated clinical deterioration alerts.Am J Med Qual. 2017; 32: 12-18
- Reducing in-hospital cardiac arrests and hospital mortality by introducing a medical emergency team.Intensive Care Med. 2010; 36: 100-106
- The extended rapid response system: 1-year experience in a university hospital.J Korean Med Sci. 2014; 29: 423-430
- The impact of medical emergency teams on ICU admission rates, cardiopulmonary arrests and mortality in a regional hospital.Resuscitation. 2011; 82: 707-712
- Introduction of a rapid response system at a United States veterans affairs hospital reduced cardiac arrests.Anesth Analg. 2010; 111: 679-686
- Early impact of medical emergency team implementation in a country with limited medical resources: a before-and-after study.J Crit Care. 2011; 26: 373-378
- Outcomes associated with the nationwide introduction of rapid response systems in The Netherlands.Crit Care Med. 2015; 43: 2544-2551
- Modified Early Warning System improves patient safety and clinical outcomes in an academic community hospital.J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2015; 5: 26716
- Clinical triggers: an alternative to a rapid response team.Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2009; 35: 164-174
- An eight year audit before and after the introduction of modified early warning score (MEWS) charts, of patients admitted to a tertiary referral intensive care unit after CPR.Resuscitation. 2011; 82: 150-154
- Use of a modified early warning score system to reduce the rate of in-hospital cardiac arrest.J Intensive Care. 2016; 4: 12
- Implementation of a rapid response team decreases cardiac arrest outside of the intensive care unit.J Trauma. 2007; 62 (discussion 7-8): 1223-1227
- Does the use of a "track and trigger" warning system reduce mortality in trauma patients?.Injury. 2011; 42: 1455-1459
- Four years’ experience with a hospitalist-led medical emergency team: an interrupted time series.J Hosp Med. 2012; 7: 98-103
- A controlled trial of a rapid response system in an academic medical center.Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2008; 34 (365): 417-425
- Single-parameter early warning criteria to predict life-threatening adverse events.J Patient Saf. 2010; 6: 97-101
- Rapid response team implementation and in-hospital mortality*.Crit Care Med. 2014; 42: 2001-2006
- Changing cardiac arrest and hospital mortality rates through a medical emergency team takes time and constant review.Crit Care Med. 2010; 38: 445-450
- Clinical emergencies and outcomes in patients admitted to a surgical versus medical service.Resuscitation. 2011; 82: 415-418
- Evaluating a new rapid response team: NP-led versus intensivist-led comparisons.AACN Adv Crit Care. 2012; 23: 32-42
- Rapid response team in an academic institution: does it make a difference?.Chest. 2011; 139: 1361-1367
- Incidence of cardiac arrests and unexpected deaths in surgical patients before and after implementation of a rapid response system.Ann Intensive Care. 2012; 2: 20
- Unplanned intubation after surgery: risk factors, prognosis, and medical emergency team effects.Am Surg. 2009; 75: 834-838
- Effect of introducing the Modified Early Warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions.Anaesthesia. 2003; 58: 797-802
- In-hospital cardiac arrest after a rapid response team review: a matched case-control study.Resuscitation. 2018; 126: 98-103
- Enhanced end-of-life care associated with deploying a rapid response team: a pilot study.J Hosp Med. 2009; 4: 449-452
- A rapid response system reduces the incidence of in-hospital postoperative cardiopulmonary arrest: a retrospective study.Can J Anaesth. 2018; 65: 1303-1313
- Introducing critical care outreach: a ward-randomised trial of phased introduction in a general hospital.Intensive Care Med. 2004; 30: 1398-1404
- Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial.Lancet. 2005; 365: 2091-2097
- Survival by the fittest: hospital-level variation in quality of resuscitation care.J Am Heart Assoc. 2014; 3e000768
- A national analysis of the relationship between hospital factors and post-cardiac arrest mortality.Intensive Care Med. 2009; 35: 505-511
- Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Circulation. 2015; 132: S84-145
- Part 4: advanced life support: 2015 international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations.Resuscitation. 2015; 95: e71-120
- Does care at a cardiac arrest centre improve outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest? - A systematic review.Resuscitation. 2019; 137: 102-115
- Hospital characteristics and favourable neurological outcome among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Osaka, Japan.Resuscitation. 2017; 110: 146-153
- Implementation of the fifth link of the chain of survival concept for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Circulation. 2012; 126: 589-597
- Direct transport to a percutaneous cardiac intervention center and outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017; 10e003414
- Statewide regionalization of postarrest care for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: association with survival and neurologic outcome.Ann Emerg Med. 2014; 64 (e1): 496-506
- Patient, health service factors and variation in mortality following resuscitated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in acute coronary syndrome: analysis of the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project.Resuscitation. 2018; 124: 49-57
- Prognostic implications of level-of-care at tertiary heart centers compared with other hospitals after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015; 8: 268-276
- Long-term outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest care at regionalized centers.Ann Emerg Med. 2019; 73: 29-39
- Long-term survival benefit from treatment at a specialty center after cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2016; 108: 48-53
- The postcardiac arrest consult team: impact on hospital care processes for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.Crit Care Med. 2016; 44: 2037-2044
- Long-term survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Heart. 2017; 103: 1104-1110
- Association between treatment at an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction center and neurologic recovery after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Am Heart J. 2015; 170: 516-523
- Distance to invasive heart centre, performance of acute coronary angiography, and angioplasty and associated outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide study.Eur Heart J. 2017; 38: 1645-1652
- Impact of the direct transfer to percutaneous coronary intervention-capable hospitals on survival to hospital discharge for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2018; 125: 28-33
- Take Heart America: a comprehensive, community-wide, systems-based approach to the treatment of cardiac arrest.Crit Care Med. 2011; 39: 26-33
- Hospital characteristics are associated with patient outcomes following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Heart. 2011; 97: 1489-1494
- Are characteristics of hospitals associated with outcome after cardiac arrest? Insights from the Great Paris registry.Resuscitation. 2017; 118: 63-69
- Survival factors of hospitalized out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Taiwan: a retrospective study.PLoS One. 2018; 13e0191954
- Tertiary centres have improved survival compared to other hospitals in the Copenhagen area after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.Resuscitation. 2013; 84: 162-167
- Direct transport to a PCI-capable hospital is associated with improved survival after adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of medical aetiology.Resuscitation. 2018; 128: 76-82
- Cardiac arrest center - One-year experience of the Regional Hospital Liberec.Cor et Vasa. 2018; 60: e234-e238
- Mortality factors in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan.Int J Gerontol. 2013; 7: 216-220
- A randomised tRial of expedited transfer to a cardiac arrest centre for non-ST elevation ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the ARREST pilot randomised trial.Resuscitation. 2017; 115: 185-191
- The cardiac arrest centre for the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest due to presumed cardiac cause – aims, function, and structure: position paper of the ACVC association of the ESC, EAPCI, EHRA, ERC, EUSEM and ESICM.Eur Heart J: Acute Cardiovasc Care. 2020;
Article info
Publication history
Published online: March 24, 2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
