Leaning is common during in-hospital pediatric CPR, and decreased with automated corrective feedback☆
Received 29 July 2008; received in revised form 30 December 2008; accepted 17 February 2009. published online 19 March 2009.
Abstract
Background
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) guidelines recommend complete release between chest compressions (CC). No study has evaluated prevalence of leaning and the effect of real-time automated audiovisual feedback during in-hospital pediatric CPR.
Objectives
We hypothesize that leaning during in-hospital pediatric CPR will be common, and that real-time automated feedback will be associated with reduced leaning prevalence and force.
Methods
A feedback-capable monitor/defibrillator equipped with force transducer and accelerometer recorded CC leaning force and depth during in-hospital cardiac arrests (≥8 years) at a children's hospital. Automated feedback was enabled at the resuscitation leader's discretion, and audiovisual prompts were given when leaning force exceeded 2.5kg. Leaning force and depth CC with No Feedback (NoF) vs. with Feedback (F) were compared.
Results
20 pediatric (mean age 14.7±3.8 years) pulse less arrests generated 37,396 evaluable CC. Median leaning force was 1.6kg [0.9–2.7kg] and leaning depth 2.9 (1.6–4.7)mm. Leaning force was greater with NoF (2.5kg, [1.6–3.5kg]; n=1921) vs. F (1.6kg [0.9–2.6kg]; n=35,164, p<0.001). Leaning>2.5kg (adult feedback threshold) occurred in 50% (n=969) of CC with NoF and 27% (n=9367) CC with F (p<0.001). CC without leaning, defined as a leaning force of<0.5kg, occurred in 2.2% (n=43) CC with NoF vs. 10.5% (n=3681) CC with F (p<0.001).
Conclusions
Leaning (residual force>2.5kg) was common during pediatric CPR. The prevalence and force of leaning were reduced with automated audiovisual feedback. Further study is necessary to determine the effect of the specific leaning threshold on CPR hemodynamics.
aCenter for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
cDepartment of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
dDepartment of Emergency Medicine and Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
eThe Center for Injury Prevention and Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
Corresponding author at: Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, Room 8NW100, Main Building, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Tel.: +215 590 4039; fax: +215 590 2969.
ABSTRACT