Resuscitation
Volume 60, Issue 2 , Pages 157-162, February 2004

Frequency of rib and sternum fractures associated with out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation is underestimated by conventional chest X-ray

  • Wolfgang Lederer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, 35, Anichstr., A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
  • ,
  • Dieter Mair

      Affiliations

    • Bologna University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
  • ,
  • Walter Rabl

      Affiliations

    • Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, The Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
  • ,
  • Michael Baubin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Leopold Franzens University of Innsbruck, 35, Anichstr., A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +43-512-504-2400; fax: +43-512-504-2450/4728.

Received 7 August 2003; received in revised form 24 September 2003; accepted 23 October 2003.

Abstract 

Objective: Fractured ribs and sternum are frequent complications of thoracic compression during CPR in adults. This study was conducted to determine whether findings of plain chest radiography (CXR) correlate with post-mortem findings in patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods: CXR findings and autopsy results of CPR-related chest injuries comprising rib and sternum fractures were compared prospectively in 19 patients. Results: Fractures were diagnosed in nine of 19 patients by means of radiology and in 18 of 19 patients by autopsy (rib fractures in 6/19 versus 17/19, P=0.002; sternum fractures in 5/19 versus in 9/19, P=0.227). The total number of isolated bone fractures detected by CXR was 18 (12 rib and six sternum fractures) and by autopsy 92 (83 rib and nine sternum fractures). The majority of rib fractures was located in the anterior part of the thoracic cage. Sternum fractures predominantly occurred in the lower third. Eight of 19 patients received either thrombolytic or antithrombotic treatment during CPR but no major bleeding complication associated with CPR was detected by autopsy. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that fractures associated with CPR are underreported in conventional radiographic investigations. No major bleeding complications related to CPR-associated fractures was detected.

Sumàrio 

Objectivo: As fracturas costais e esternais são complicações frequentes das compressões torácicas durante a RCP em adultos. Este estudo pretendeu determinar se os achados da radiografia torácica (CXR) tinham correlação com os achados pós-mortem em doentes submetidos a reanimação cardio-pulmonar (RCP) após paragem cardı́aca pré-hospitalar. Métodos: Os achados de CXR e autópsia resultantes de lesões torácicas relacionadas com RCP, compreendendo fracturas costais e esternais, foram comparadas prospectivamente em 19 doentes. Resultados: Foram diagnosticadas fracturas em 9 de 19 doentes através da radiologia e em 18 de 19 doentes pela autópsia (fracturas costais em 6/19 versus 17/19, P = 0.002; fracturas esternais 5/19 versus em 9/19, P = 0.227). O número total de fracturas ósseas isoladas detectadas por CXR foi de 18 (12 costais e 6 esternais) e por autópsia de 92 (83 costais e 9 esternais). A maioria das fracturas costais estava localizada na parte anterior da grade torácica. As fracturas esternais ocorreram predominantemente no terço inferior. Oito de 19 doentes receberam tratamento anti-trombótico ou trombolı́tico durante a RCP mas não foram detectadas, pela autópsia, complicações hemorrágicas major associadas a RCP. Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo indicam que as fracturas associadas a CPR são subdiagnosticadas em investigações radiográficas convencionais. Não foram detectadas complicações hemorrágicas relacionadas com as fracturas associadas a RCP.

Resumen 

Objetivos: Las fracturas costales y esternales son complicaciones frecuentes de las compresiones torácicas durante CPR en adultos. Este estudio fue conducido para ver si los hallazgos en la Rx de tórax simple (CXR) se correlacionan con los hallazgos postmortem en pacientes que fueron sometidos a reanimación cardiopulmonar (CPR) después de un paro cardiorrespiratorio extrahospitalario. Métodos: Se compararon prospectivamente los hallazgos en CRX y en autopsia, de lesiones torácicas relacionadas con CPR que comprometı́an fracturas de costillas y de esternón. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron fracturas costales en 9 de 19 pacientes por medio de radiologı́a y en 18 de 19 por medio de autopsia (fracturas costales en 6/19 versus 17/19, P = 0.002; fractura esternal en 5/19 versus en 9/19, P = 0.227). El número total de fracturas aisladas detectadas por CXR fue 18 (12 fracturas costales y seis esternales) y por autopsia 92 (83 fracturas costales y 9 esternales). La mayorı́a de las fracturas costales estaba localizada en la parte anterior de la jaula torácica. Las fracturas esternales ocurrieron predominantemente en el tercio inferior. Ocho de los 19 pacientes tratamiento trombolı́tico o antiarrı́tmico durante la CPR, pero no se detectaron complicaciones hemorrágicas mayores durante las autopsias. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos en este estudio indican que las fracturas asociadas con CPR son subdiagnosticadas en las investigaciones radiológicas convencionales. No se detectaron complicaciones hemorrágicas mayores relacionadas con la CPR.

Keywords:  Autopsy, Cardiac arrest, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Fractures, Rib and sternal, Radiology, Thrombolysis

Palavras Chave:  Autópsia, Paragem cardı́aca, Ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, Fracturas, Costal e esternal, Radiologia, Trombólise

Palabras Clave:  Autopsia, Paro cardı̈aco, Reanimación cardiopulmonar, Fracturas, Costillas y esternón, Radiologı́a, Trombolisis

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PII: S0300-9572(03)00375-7

doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2003.10.003

Resuscitation
Volume 60, Issue 2 , Pages 157-162, February 2004